In this sentence

①affinity between sth and sth / affinity with sthn.（人、语言、文化等之间的）密切关系；相似，类同

Synonymssimilarity, kinship, closeness, resemblance

句中“cultural affinity”指“文化上的亲近感/相似性”。此时 affinity 表示由于历史、起源或内在特质等产生的紧密联系与相近之处。

• There is a close affinity between the ideas of love and death.在爱与死的观念之间，存在着一种紧密的相通与契合。

②an affinity for / with sb/sthn.喜爱；喜好，天生的吸引力

Synonymsfondness, attraction, penchant, predilection

• Nature has an affinity for simplicity, and simplicity possesses an innate beauty.自然天生偏爱简朴，而简朴自有其本真的美感。

In this sentence

①affirm sthv.证实，确认；支持，肯定

Synonymsconfirm, reiterate, uphold, endorse

学习者给出的原句中实际出现的词是同根名词 affinity（亲和力/密切关系），而此处查询的是动词 affirm。动词最常用的核心用法是及物动词 affirm sth，表示肯定某种价值、事实或信念。

• Every act of conscious learning requires the willingness to suffer an injury to one's self-esteem. That is why young children, before they are aware of their self-esteem, learn so easily; and why knowledgeable adults, naturally wanting to affirm theirs, learn so slowly.每一次自觉的学习都需要愿意承受自尊受损的痛苦。这就是为什么小孩在意识到自尊之前学得如此轻松，而博学的成年人出于本能想要肯定自己的自尊，学得如此缓慢。— Thomas Szasz

②affirm that ...v.断言，坚称

Synonymsassert, maintain, declare

• We affirm that the world's magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed.我们断言，世界的光辉因一种新的美而更加丰富，那就是速度之美。— F. T. Marinetti

In this sentence

①an analogy between sth and sth / with sthn.类比；比喻

Synonymscomparison, metaphor, parallel

句中由不定冠词 an 修饰，作可数名词，指用一个具体或熟悉的事物来打比方、作类比，以便解释复杂的概念。

• Poetry is an analogy between the mind and the universe.诗歌是心灵与宇宙之间的一场类比。— Octavio Paz

②draw an analogy (between sth and sth)n.进行类比；作对比

Synonymsmake a comparison, liken

• To understand the unknown, we must draw an analogy with the known.若要理解未知，我们必须与已知事物进行类比。

③by analogy (with sth)n.根据类推；按相似性推理

Synonymsreasoning, parallelism

• We learn the nature of distant stars only by analogy with our own sun.我们只有根据对自身太阳的类推，才能了解遥远恒星的本质。

In this sentence

①approval of / for sthn.赞成；认可

Synonymsagreement, favor, endorsement, acceptance

句中与 dissent（异议）相对，构成 a word of approval or dissent（一句赞成或反对的话），表达的是对提案的“赞许、认可”态度。

• A truly strong person does not need the approval of others any more than a lion needs the approval of sheep.真正强大的人不需要他人的认可，就像狮子不需要绵羊的认可一样。— Vernon Howard

②give / win / get approval for sthn.批准；核准

Synonymsconsent, authorization, permission, clearance

• Never wait to get approval for living your life according to your own values.永远不要等待别人的批准，才去按照自己的价值观生活。

③on approvaln.（商品）包退换的；供试用的

Synonymson trial

• True wisdom cannot be bought on approval; it requires the full commitment of experience.真正的智慧无法试用后再退换；它需要全身心投入经历去获取。

In this sentence

①sb approve sthv.正式批准；通过

Synonymspassed, sanctioned, endorsed, authorized

句中 approved 作为及物动词（过去式），宾语是 the proposal，表示委员会正式通过/批准了该提案。

• History will not judge whether you approved a law, but whether you upheld justice.历史评判的不是你是否批准了一项法律，而是你是否捍卫了正义。

②sb approve of sb / sthv.赞同；认可

Synonymsfavored, accepted, supported

• A wise man never seeks to be approved of by the crowd; truth is his only compass.智者从不寻求大众的认可；真理是他唯一的罗盘。

③approved sthadj.经核准的；公认的

Synonymscertified, accredited, authorized

• Progress is not born from approved paths, but from the courage to explore the unknown.进步并非源自公认的坦途，而是来自探索未知的勇气。

In this sentence

①assemble sthv.组装；装配

Synonymsput together, build, construct

句中动词 involve 习惯后接动名词形式（involve doing sth），assembling components 指将来自不同领域的组件/模块装配或组合在一起。

• We spend our lives assembling pieces of ourselves from the people we love.我们终其一生，都在用所爱之人给予的碎片拼凑自我。

②assemble sb / sthv.聚集；召集

Synonymsgather, collect, muster, convene

• True strength lies not in standing alone, but in assembling minds that share a common vision.真正的力量不在于孤身屹立，而在于将志同道合的心灵凝聚在一起。

①disapprove of sb / sthv.不赞成；反对

Synonymsobject to, oppose, frown on, condemn

• I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.我反对你说的话，但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利。— Evelyn Beatrice Hall

②disapprove sthv.不予批准；否决

Synonymsreject, veto, turn down, dismiss

• Wisdom knows when to disapprove a path that offers ease at the cost of conscience.智慧在于懂得在何时否决一条以良知为代价换取安逸的道路。

①disprove sthv.证明……是错误的；反驳

Synonymsrefute, debunk, invalidate, rebut

• No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can disprove me.再多的实验也不能证明我是对的；只要一个实验就能证明我是错的。— Albert Einstein