①a constituent of sthn.成分；构成要素

Synonymscomponent, element, ingredient

• Happiness is not a state to arrive at, but a manner of traveling; peace of mind is an essential constituent.幸福不是到达的终点，而是一种旅行的方式；内心的平静是其必不可少的要素。

②sb's constituentn.选民；选区居民

Synonymsvoter, elector

• A representative owes his constituents not his industry only, but his judgment.代表对选民所负的责任，不仅在于勤勉，更在于判断力。— Edmund Burke

③constituent part / elementadj.组成的；构成的

Synonymscomponent, integral, basic

• Every constituent part of nature reflects the harmony of the whole universe.大自然的每一个组成部分都映射出整个宇宙的和谐。

①sth constitutes sthv.被视作；构成（某种状态或性质）

Synonymsamount to, represent, comprise

• A habit of base and unworthy thinking may be said to constitute the truly fallen state.可以说，卑劣与鄙俗的思考习惯构成了真正的堕落状态。— William Hazlitt

②sth constitute sthv.组成；构成（整体的一部分）

Synonymsmake up, form, compose

• Individuals constitute a society, and the degree of human kindness determines the quality of the nation.个体组成社会，而人性的善意程度决定了一个国家的品质。

③sb / sth be constitutedv.设立；建立（机构或组织）

Synonymsestablish, set up, found

• No government can be legitimately constituted without the consent of the governed.未经被统治者的同意，任何政府都不能被合法地建立。

①the constitution of sthn.宪法；章程

Synonymscharter, fundamental law, bylaws

• Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people.我们的宪法只适用于有道德和有信仰的人民。— John Adams

②have a good/strong/weak constitutionn.体质；身体素质

Synonymshealth, physique, stamina

• A sound constitution may be preserved to old age by moderate exercise and temperance.适度运动与克制自律，能让健康的体质延至暮年。

③the constitution of sthn.构成；结构

Synonymscomposition, makeup, structure

• The constitution of the human mind is such that it must have a guiding star.人类心灵的构造决定了它必须拥有一颗指路的明星。

①sth declinesv.下降；减少

Synonymsdecrease, drop, fall, diminish

• Morality may keep an individual on track, but when empathy declines, humanity suffers.道德或许能让个体不逾规矩，但当同理心减少时，整个人类都在承受苦难。

②sb decline to do sth / sthv.谢绝；婉言拒绝

Synonymsrefuse, reject, turn down

• I decline to accept the end of man.我不接受人类的末日。— William Faulkner

③a decline in sthn.衰落；下降

Synonymsdecrease, drop, downturn, fall

• A decline in courage may be the most striking feature that an outside observer notices in the West today.勇气的衰退，也许是外界观察者在当今西方所能注意到的最显著特征。— Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

In this sentence

①discipline in oneselfn.自律；自制力

Synonymsself-control, self-restraint, willpower

句中 institute discipline in himself 表示“在自身建立起纪律/自控”，指的是对自身行为和欲望的克制与管理能力，即“自律”。

• Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment.自律是连接目标与成就的桥梁。— Jim Rohn

②maintain / enforce disciplinen.纪律；规矩

Synonymsorder, rules, regulation

• Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all.纪律是军队的灵魂。它使寡可敌众，使弱者取胜，使人人赢得尊严。— George Washington

③discipline sb (for sth)v.惩戒；管教

Synonymspunish, penalize, chastise

• He who loves his son disciplines him diligently.疼爱儿子的父亲，必随时予以管教。

④an academic disciplinen.学科；专业领域

Synonymssubject, field, branch of knowledge

• Each academic discipline is a different lens through which we can understand the world.每一个学术学科都是一幅不同的透镜，让我们得以借此认识世界。

①sb be disinclined to do sthadj.不情愿做某事；不想做某事

Synonymsreluctant, unwilling, loath, hesitant

• Men are disinclined to submit to those who can give them neither protection nor assistance.人们不愿服从那些既不能给予他们保护、也不能提供帮助的人。— Arthur Schopenhauer

②sb be disinclined for / to sthadj.对……没有兴趣；无意于……

Synonymsaverse, indifferent

• A mind weary of constant ambition is often disinclined to further strife.一颗厌倦了无休止野心的心灵，往往也无意于进一步的争斗。

①incipient sthadj.初期的；刚开始出现的

Synonymsnascent, emerging, developing, initial

• Every revolution begins with an incipient thought before it becomes a reality.每一次变革在成为现实之前，都始于一个萌芽阶段的念头。

①incline to / towards sthv.倾向于；赞同

Synonymstend, lean, favor

• Men incline to believe what they want to believe.人们往往倾向于相信他们想要相信的事情。— Julius Caesar

②incline sb to do sthv.使倾向于；使有意于

Synonymspredispose, dispose, prompt

• A habit of gratitude inclines us to see the good in every situation.心存感激的习惯使我们倾向于在任何境遇中都看到美好的一面。

③incline one's headv.低头；点头致意

Synonymsnod, bow, tilt

• Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall live.侧耳而听，就近我来；听见，你的灵魂就必得活。— The Bible

④a steep / gentle inclinen.斜坡；斜度

Synonymsslope, gradient, ascent

• Character is not built on a smooth road, but in the steady climb up a steep incline.品格并非在平坦的道路上筑成，而是在攀登陡坡的坚持中锻造。

In this sentence

①institute sthv.建立，制定（规则、制度）；实行，开创

Synonymsestablish, introduce, implement, initiate

句中 institute 充当情态动词 must 后的谓语动词，后接名词 discipline（自律、纪律），表示“在自己身上确立/实行自律”。

• Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.政府是在人们中间建立的，其正当权力来自被统治者的同意。— United States Declaration of Independence

②an institute of/for sthn.（教育、专业或研究）机构，学院，研究所

Synonymsinstitution, organization, academy, foundation

• A true institute of learning does not merely confer knowledge, but inspires the ceaseless quest for wisdom.真正的高等学府不仅传授知识，更能启迪人们对智慧的无尽追求。

In this sentence

①institute sth (in / among sb)v.建立，制定，实行（制度或规则）

Synonymsestablish, implement, introduce, initiate

学习者查询的词形为名词 institution，但原句中实际使用的是其词根动词原形 institute。在此句中作谓语，表示在自身内部“确立、践行”自律。

• He who seeks freedom must first institute discipline in himself.追求自由的人，必先在自身确立自律。

②an institutionn.机构，团体

Synonymsorganization, establishment, body

• An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.一个机构是一个人拉长的身影。— Ralph Waldo Emerson

③the institution of sthn.制度，习俗；开创，确立

Synonymstradition, custom, system, practice

• The institution of slavery is based on selfishness, whereas the opposition to it is based on justice.奴隶制度根植于自私，而对它的反抗则源于正义。

①a participant in sthn.参与者；参加者

Synonymscontributor, player, member, attendee

• We are not just observers of the universe; we are participants in it.我们不仅是宇宙的观察者，更是身处其中的参与者。— John Archibald Wheeler

②active / willing participantn.积极的/自愿的参与者

Synonymsactivist, involver

• Life becomes meaningful only when you choose to be an active participant rather than a passive bystander.唯有当你选择做一名积极的参与者，而非被动的旁观者时，生命才具有意义。

①principal sthadj.最重要的；主要的

Synonymsmain, chief, primary, foremost

• The principal mark of genius is not perfection, but originality.天才的主要标志不是完美，而是独创性。— Arthur Schopenhauer

②principal (of sth)n.校长；负责人

Synonymsheadmaster, headteacher, director

• A school principal is not merely a manager of buildings, but a builder of minds.一校之长不仅是校舍的管理者，更是心灵的塑造者。

③principal and interestn.本金；资本

Synonymscapital

• Wisdom is the principal; peace of mind is the interest.智慧是本金，内心的宁静则是利息。

①a matter of principlen.道德原则；为人准则

Synonymsmorals, ethics, standards, values

• It's not about the money, it's about a matter of principle.这不是钱的问题，这是原则问题。

②principle of sthn.原理；基本法则

Synonymsrule, law, theory, concept

• The first principle of value that we need to rediscover is this: that all reality hinges on moral foundations.我们首先需要重新发现的价值原则是：一切现实都建立在道德基石之上。— Martin Luther King Jr.

③in principlen.原则上；大体上

Synonymsin theory, theoretically

• In principle, work and play are not opposites, but parts of a whole life.原则上，工作与娱乐并非对立，而是完整生活的组成部分。

①substitute A for Bv.用 A 代替 B

Synonymsreplace, swap, exchange

• Never substitute activity for achievement.切莫以忙碌代替成就。— John Wooden

②substitute for sb / sthv.代替；替代

Synonymsstand in for, fill in for, cover for

• No amount of belief will substitute for experience.再多的信念也无法替代切身的体验。— E. M. Forster

③a substitute for sb / sthn.代替者；替代品

Synonymsreplacement, alternative, stand-in

• There is no substitute for hard work.勤奋努力，无可替代。— Thomas Edison

①substitution of A for Bn.用A代替B；替换

Synonymsreplacement, exchange, swap

• True progress lies in the substitution of love for force, and the cooperation of all for the struggle of each against all.真正的进步在于用爱取代强力，在于众人的合作取代个人与所有人的争斗。— Leo Tolstoy

②make a substitutionn.换人；替补

Synonymschange, sub

• Life does not make a substitution when you grow tired; you must finish the match yourself.生活不会在你疲惫时换人下场；你必须亲自打完这场比赛。